Electrolyte gated graphene terahertz amplitude modulators

Active manipulation of the amplitude of terahertz (THz) frequency waves, through electrical tuning, is key for next-generation THz imaging and essential for unlocking strategic applications, from wireless communication to quantum technologies. Here, we demonstrate high-performance THz amplitude modulators based on an electrolyte-gated single-layer graphene. Broadband modulation in the 1.5–6 THz range is achieved by optimizing the electric field coupling by carefully controlling the spacer thickness in a quarter-wavelength cavity structure, with a maximum modulation depth of 40% at around 2 THz. Raman characterization confirms a Fermi-level tuning of 0.39 eV via electrolyte gating of graphene. A test 2 × 2 modulator array with independent control of sub-millimeter regions is then developed and tested, with no crosstalk between pixels. The reported results highlight the potential of electrolyte-gated graphene for efficient THz modulation. The single-chip design offers compactness and ease of integration with other electronic components, making it a promising platform for THz spatial light modulators and adaptive optical components.