A comprehensive overview of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles: Materials, performance, safety, recycling, and emerging technologies

Electrifying the transportation sector is one of the most important ways to combat climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions related to dependence on fossil fuels. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are considered one of the most promising candidates for powering next generation electric vehicles (EVs) due to their high energy density, extended cycle life, and compact size. Despite the continuous development, EVs powered by LIBs still have several limitations compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). These include limited driving range, slow charging times, high safety concerns and reliance on scarce and toxic raw materials. These several challenges are almost related to the specific battery chemistry and cell design, and influence, not only the battery performance and cost but also its safety. In this context, this manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of LIB technology for EV applications, with a detailed analysis of recent advancements and key challenges across the main research areas. In particular, by presenting an integrated discussion that covers LIB materials, performance, degradation mechanisms, safety issues, recycling strategies and emerging technologies, the paper aims to support the development of batteries that can meet the stringent demands of future EV applications.