Evaporation of cations from nonconductive nanosamples using single-cycle terahertz pulses: An experimental and theoretical study

This study investigates the emission of cations from silica samples by single-cycle THz pulses, focusing on the influence of pulse polarity. Negative THz pulses were found to efficiently trigger the evaporation of cations from nanoneedles in amorphous silica samples compared to positive pulses. Conversely, this dependence on pulse polarity is strongly reduced and reversed in samples with metallic behavior such as LaB6 and could not be found when multicycle pulses in different frequency ranges such as ultraviolet (UV) are used. First-principles simulations focus on silica under THz laser irradiation and show critical fields for ion evaporation of hydroxyl groups from Si⁢(OH)4, which serves as a model precursor molecule for the amorphous solid matrix. To explain our experimental results, we propose a simplified theoretical model that determines the role of the polarity of the THz pulse by taking into account the differences in electron mobility between silica and semimetallic samples. The study explores the nonlinear microscopic mechanisms of atomic evaporation under external static and THz laser fields and clarifies the dynamics of THz-enhanced atom probe tomography and related applications.